What does the biotransformation of drugs mean? Biotransformation is strictly defined as the enzymatic conversion of xenobiotics into more water-soluble metabolites in order to enhance excretion.
What are biotransformation reactions? Introduction. Biotransformation refers to the process by which lipophilic (fat-soluble), xenobiotic (foreign), or endobiotic (endogenous) chemicals are converted in the body by enzymatic reactions to products that are more hydrophilic (water-soluble).
What are the four types of biotransformation process? These transformations can be congregated under the categories: oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, isomerisation, condensation, formation of new carbon bonds, and introduction of functional groups.
How are drugs biotransformed by the body? Most drugs must pass through the liver, which is the primary site for drug metabolism. Once in the liver, enzymes convert prodrugs to active metabolites or convert active drugs to inactive forms. The liver’s primary mechanism for metabolizing drugs is via a specific group of cytochrome P-450 enzymes.
What does the biotransformation of drugs mean? – Related Questions
What is the importance of biotransformation?
The major purpose of biotransformation is to chemically modify (metabolize) poorly excretable lipophilic compounds to more hydrophilic chemicals that are readily excreted in urine and/or bile. Without metabolism, lipophilic xenobiotics accumulate in biota, increasing the potential for toxicity.
Where does biotransformation occur in the body?
The majority of biotransformation takes place within the liver in cells called hepatocytes. However, several of the enzymes for phase I, phase II, and phase III reactions can also occur in extrahepatic tissues, such as adipose, intestine, kidney, lung, and skin.
What is Bioaugmentation used for?
Bioaugmentation is used to biodegrade specific soil and groundwater contaminants. It involves adding cultured microorganisms into the subsurface to biodegrade the desired contaminants. In many cases, these microorganisms are “specialists” in degrading specific target contaminants.
What is Glucuronidation reaction?
Glucuronidation is a conjugation reaction whereby glucuronic acid, derived from cofactor UDP-glucuronic acid, is covalently linked to a substrate containing a nucleophilic functional group. The resultant metabolite, called a glucuronide, is usually excreted in bile and urine.
How does biotransformation help the environment?
Biotransformation (biorefining) is the use of living organisms such as microbes in order to upgrade petroleum, that is, the application of bioprocesses to the fractionation and enhancing of petroleum, which might contribute to mitigate the associated pollution and upgrading of crude oil.
How does drugs work in the body?
Drugs work in your body in a variety of ways. They can interfere with microorganisms (germs) that invade your body, destroy abnormal cells that cause cancer, replace deficient substances (such as hormones or vitamins), or change the way that cells work in your body.
What is the difference between a drug and a drug metabolite?
Drug Metabolism
What is half life of a drug?
The half-life of a drug is the time it takes for the amount of a drug’s active substance in your body to reduce by half.
What is the best definition of biotransformation?
: the transformation of chemical compounds within a living system.
What is the difference between biotransformation and metabolism?
In short, “metabolism of drugs” is a form of biotransformation which happens to drugs in a body, whereas “biotransformation” is a more general term which applies equally well to the actions of a disembodied enzyme digesting an oil slick.
How many phases of biotransformation are there?
The metabolism of xenobiotics is often divided into three phases:- modification, conjugation, and excretion.
What is cytochrome P450?
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that functions as monooxygenases. In mammals, these proteins oxidize steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics, and are important for the clearance of various compounds, as well as for hormone synthesis and breakdown.
What is non synthetic reaction?
Phase I: Non-synthetic reactions such as cleavage (e.g. oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis), formation or modification of a function group. Phase II: Synthetic reactions such as conjugation with an endogenous substance (e.g. sulfate, glycine, glucuronic acid).
What is an example of Bioaugmentation?
An example of how bioaugmentation has improved an environment, is in the coke plant wastewater in China. In the enhanced microbial community indigenous microorganisms broke down the contaminants in the coke plant wastewater, such as pyridines, and phenolic compounds.
What is Biosparging?
Biosparging is an in-situ remediation technology that uses indigenous microorganisms to biodegrade organic constituents in the saturated zone. In biosparging, air (or oxygen) and nutrients (if needed) are injected into the saturated zone to increase the biological activity of the indigenous microorganisms.
What is bioremediation give an example?
Bioremediation companies that specialize in soil and groundwater use microbes that feed on the hazardous substances for energy, which results in the breakdown of the targeted contaminant. Examples include junkyards, industrial spills, land development, fertilizer use, and more.
What is the purpose of Glucuronidation?
The human body uses glucuronidation to make a large variety of substances more water-soluble, and, in this way, allow for their subsequent elimination from the body through urine or feces (via bile from the liver). Hormones are glucuronidated to allow for easier transport around the body.
